A holographic waveguide based eye tracking device

We demonstrated the feasibility of using a holographic waveguide imager for eye tracking. A holographic waveguide placed in front of the eye was used to capture images of the anterior segment of the eye and to guide the images to a camera distant from the eye. The pupil centre (PC) and corneal reflection (CR) of the eye was used to compute eye position. A custom-built model eye was used to validate the prototype eye tracker. A linear relationship between the angular eye position and the PC/CR vector was found over 60 horizontal degrees and 40 vertical degrees. The tracking accuracy and precision were 0.72 degree and 0.50 degree over these tracking ranges. These results confirmed that holographic waveguide could be a viable platform for developing compact, wearable, see-through eye trackers that can continuously monitor eye movements during real life tasks and thus can facilitate diagnosis of oculomotor disorders.     

Scattering of guided shear waves in plates with discontinuities

This paper investigates the interaction of the SH0 mode with discontinuities in plate waveguides. The scattered fields are evaluated using a novel method that exploits the principle of reciprocity in elastodynamics. The results obtained compare to those provided by a finite element model. Very good agreement between the analytical and numerical models proves the effectiveness of the proposed approach, enabling us to clearly elucidate the role of the different size and shape parameters involved. The discontinuities considered are single and double sharp reductions of plate height of different amounts and lengths, where both symmetric and nonsymmetric one-sided notch cases are treated. Regimes related to low and high values of the product frequency and height of the plate are investigated, showing the dependence of reflection and transmission coefficients on length and height of the discontinuity, as well as the occurrence of mode conversion. The analytical approach proposed leads to a better understanding of the interaction of guided waves with discontinuities, which may stimulate the application of guided waves to defect sizing rather than to simple detection.     

Luminescence at 2.8 μm: Er3+-doped chalcogenide micro-waveguide

This paper reports the fabrication of luminescent optical rib/ridge waveguides made of erbium doped Ga-Ge-Sb-S films deposited by RF magnetron sputtering. Several fluorescence emissions of Er³⁺ ions from the visible to the middle infrared spectral domain were clearly observed within the films. The study of the ⁴I_13/2 level lifetime enabled development of a suitable annealing treatment of the films to reach the value of the bulk counterpart while the variation in surface roughness was limited, thus ensuring reasonable optical losses (0.7–0.9 dB/cm). Amplification experiments were carried out at 1.54 μm leading to complete characterization of the erbium-doped micro-waveguide with ∼3.4 dB/cm on/off gain. A demonstration of mid-IR photoluminescence from Er³⁺-doped chalcogenide micro-waveguide was recorded at ∼2.76 μm. The multi-luminescence from the visible to mid-IR generated using erbium doped chalcogenide waveguiding micro-structures might find easy-to-use applications concerning telecommunication technologies or on-chip optical sensors for which luminescent sources or amplifiers operating at different wavelengths are required.     

Design and analysis of implantable CPW fed bowtie antenna for ISM band applications

A novel implantable coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed crossed bowtie antenna is proposed for short-range biomedical applications. The antenna is designed to resonate at 2.45 GHz, one of the industrial-scientific-medical (ISM) bands. It is investigated by use of the method of moments design equations and its simulation software (IE3D version 15). The size of the antenna is 371.8 mm³ (26 mm × 22 mm × 0.65 mm). The simulated and analyzed return losses are −23 and −25 dB at the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz. We have analyzed some more performances of the proposed antenna and the results show that the proposed antenna is a perfect candidate for implantation. The proposed antenna has substantial merits like low profile, miniaturization, lower return loss and better impedance matching with high gain over other implanted antennas.     

An ocular wavefront sensor based on binary phase element: design and analysis

A modal wavefront sensor for ocular aberrations exhibits two main advantages compared to a conventional Shack–Hartmann sensor. As the wavefront is detected in the Fourier plane, the method is robust against local loss of information (e.g. local opacity of ocular lens as in the case of cataract), and is not dependent on the spatial distribution of wavefront sampling. We have proposed a novel method of wavefront sensing for ocular aberrations that directly detects the strengths of Zernike aberrations. A multiplexed Fourier computer-generated hologram has been designed as the binary phase element (BPE) for the detection of second-order and higher-order ocular aberrations (HOAs). The BPE design has been validated by comparing the simulated far-field pattern with the experimental results obtained by displaying it on a spatial light modulator. Simulation results have demonstrated the simultaneous wavefront detection with an accuracy better that ～λ/30 for a measurement range of ±2.1λ with reduced cross-talk. Sensor performance is validated by performing a numerical experiment using the City data set for test waves containing second-order and HOAs and measurement errors of 0.065?µm peak-to-valley (PV) and 0.08?µm (PV) have been obtained, respectively.     

异形孔零件的线切割编程与加工

通过对典型零件的加工工艺分析，介绍了用北京迪蒙卡特线切割机床加工锥度、上下异形类零件的程序编制规则和方法，该方法相比TurboCAD软件自动编程操作简单快捷，编程者更易掌握。     

Experiments of two pupil lateral motion tracking algorithms using a Shack–Hartmann sensor

Pupil stability is one of the factors which limit the performance and operational stability of adaptive optics (AO) systems. This paper analyses two pupil-tracking methods to measure the lateral pupil shift: the first one utilizes the fluxes in all outer edge sub-apertures of a Shack–Hartmann sensor and the second one utilizes the real-time interaction matrix used in an AO system. Experiments with 9?×?9 Shack–Hartmann sensor are conducted to verify both pupil-tracking algorithms. The results show that both algorithms are effective, after two correction steps, the residual pupil shift is reduced to less than 5% of a Shack–Hartmann sub-aperture.     

The Stiles–Crawford Effect: spot-size ratio departure in retinitis pigmentosa

The Stiles–Crawford effect of the first kind is the retina’s compensative response to loss of luminance efficiency for oblique stimulation manifested as the spot-size ratio departure from the perfect power coupling for a normal human eye. In a retinitis pigmentosa eye (RP), the normal cone photoreceptor morphology is affected due to foveal cone loss and disrupted cone mosaic spatial arrangement with reduction in directional sensitivity. We show that the flattened Stiles–Crawford function (SCF) in a RP eye is due to a different spot-size ratio departure profile, that is, for the same loss of luminance efficiency, a RP eye has a smaller departure from perfect power coupling compared to a normal eye. Again, the difference in spot-size ratio departure increases from the centre towards the periphery, having zero value for axial entry and maximum value for maximum peripheral entry indicating dispersal of photoreceptor alignment which prevents the retina to go for a bigger compensative response as it lacks both in number and appropriate cone morphology to tackle the loss of luminance efficiency for oblique stimulation. The slope of departure profile also testifies to the flattened SCF for a RP eye. Moreover, the discrepancy in spot-size ratio departure between a normal and a RP eye is shown to have a direct bearing on the Stiles–Crawford diminution of visibility.     

Multisoliton complexes in fiber lasers

The formation of stationary and non-stationary pulse groups is regularly observed in multiple pulse soliton fiber lasers. The environment developed in this study for the flexible investigation of this phenomenon is based on the cavity comprising a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) with complex dynamics of absorption recovery and all-fiber dispersion management. The detailed experimental and theoretical considerations show that multiple pulsing in fiber systems offers numerous embodiments ranging from stationary bound states to chaotic bunches. The pulse interaction through the dispersive waves was found to produce a principal impact on the bound state formation. The stability and transformation of stationary bound states and bunch propagation have been also addressed.